Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv lens yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev thaij duab hauv cov tshuab kho qhov muag thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim qauv tag nrho. Raws li cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no nce qib, cov neeg siv xav tau kev pom tseeb ntawm cov duab, kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov xim, thiab kev tsim cov ntsiab lus zoo tau nce ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm ntau dua ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub teeb hauv cov hnab ntawv me me. Hauv qhov no, tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv lens tshwm sim ua ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tswj hwm lub peev xwm ntawm lub tshuab kho qhov muag.
Txhua lub lens ntxiv ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab kev tsom mus rau txoj kev pom kev. Qhov kev tsim kho kom zoo dua no tsis yog tsuas yog pab txhawb kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev thaij duab thawj zaug xwb tab sis kuj tseem tso cai rau kev kho kom raug ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb. Cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub voj voog - tshwm sim thaum cov duab marginal thiab paraxial tsis sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov chaw sib xws; coma aberration - qhia txog kev tsis sib xws ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mus rau sab nraud ntawm daim duab; astigmatism - ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsom mus rau kev taw qhia; qhov nkhaus ntawm thaj chaw - qhov twg daim duab dav hlau nkhaus, ua rau thaj chaw nruab nrab ntse nrog kev tsom mus rau ntug tsis zoo; thiab kev cuam tshuam geometric - tshwm sim ua daim duab deformation zoo li lub thoob lossis pincushion.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov chromatic aberrations—ob qho tib si axial thiab lateral—ua los ntawm cov khoom siv dispersion ua rau cov xim raug thiab qhov sib piv tsis zoo. Los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsiab lus lens ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov lens zoo thiab tsis zoo, cov aberrations no tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsawg, yog li txhim kho kev sib npaug ntawm cov duab thoob plaws hauv qhov pom.
Kev hloov pauv sai ntawm kev thaij duab siab daws teeb meem tau ua rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm lub lens. Piv txwv li, hauv kev thaij duab smartphone, cov qauv flagship tam sim no koom ua ke CMOS sensors nrog pixel suav ntau tshaj 50 lab, qee qhov ncav cuag 200 lab, nrog rau qhov loj me pixel txo qis tas li. Cov kev nce qib no ua rau muaj kev cai nruj rau lub kaum sab xis thiab qhov chaw sib xws ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo. Txhawm rau kom siv tag nrho lub zog daws teeb meem ntawm cov sensor arrays siab, cov lens yuav tsum ua tiav cov nqi Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) siab dua thoob plaws qhov ntau zaus ntawm qhov chaw, ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ua tiav ntawm cov qauv zoo. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv tsim peb lossis tsib-element tsis txaus lawm, ua rau kev siv cov qauv ntau yam xws li 7P, 8P, thiab 9P architectures. Cov qauv tsim no ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm zoo dua ntawm cov ces kaum oblique, txhawb nqa qhov tshwm sim ze li qub ntawm qhov chaw sensor thiab txo qis microlens crosstalk. Ntxiv mus, kev koom ua ke ntawm cov chaw aspheric txhim kho qhov tseeb kho rau spherical aberration thiab distortion, txhim kho qhov ntse ntawm ntug mus rau ntug thiab tag nrho cov duab zoo.
Hauv cov txheej txheem thaij duab tshaj lij, qhov kev thov rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub teeb ua rau muaj kev daws teeb meem nyuaj dua. Cov iav loj-qhov qhib (piv txwv li, f / 1.2 lossis f / 0.95) siv rau hauv cov koob yees duab DSLR thiab cov koob yees duab tsis muaj iav yog qhov muaj feem yuav muaj qhov tsis sib xws thiab tsis nco qab vim lawv qhov tob ntawm thaj chaw thiab lub teeb pom kev zoo. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov teebmeem no, cov chaw tsim khoom siv cov khoom siv lens uas muaj 10 txog 14 yam khoom, siv cov khoom siv siab heev thiab kev tsim kho qhov tseeb. Cov iav qis-dispersion (piv txwv li, ED, SD) tau xa mus rau qhov zoo los tiv thaiv kev sib cais chromatic thiab tshem tawm cov xim sib txawv. Cov khoom aspheric hloov ntau yam khoom sib npaug, ua tiav kev kho kom zoo dua thaum txo qhov hnyav thiab suav cov khoom. Qee qhov kev tsim kho siab suav nrog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag diffractive (DOEs) lossis cov iav fluorite los tiv thaiv kev sib txawv chromatic yam tsis ntxiv qhov hnyav tseem ceeb. Hauv cov iav zoom ultra-telephoto - xws li 400mm f / 4 lossis 600mm f / 4 - lub rooj sib dhos kho qhov muag yuav tshaj 20 yam khoom, ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tsom mus rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj kom tswj tau cov duab zoo sib xws los ntawm kev tsom mus rau qhov kawg.
Txawm hais tias muaj cov txiaj ntsig no los xij, kev nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv lens ua rau muaj kev sib pauv tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, txhua qhov chaw sib txuas ntawm iav cua ua rau muaj li ntawm 4% kev poob ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Txawm tias muaj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam zoo tshaj plaws - suav nrog cov txheej txheem nano-structured (ASC), cov qauv sub-wavelength (SWC), thiab ntau txheej broadband coatings - kev poob ntawm kev xa mus los tseem tsis zam tau. Kev suav cov khoom ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov teeb pom kev zoo poob qis, txo qis qhov sib piv ntawm lub teeb thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov kub hnyiab, tsaus ntuj, thiab kev sib piv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsaus ntuj. Qhov thib ob, kev kam rau siab ntawm kev tsim khoom tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau ntau ntxiv: qhov chaw axial, tilt, thiab qhov sib nrug ntawm txhua lub lens yuav tsum tau tswj hwm hauv micrometer-level precision. Kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov tsis sib xws lossis qhov tsis meej hauv zos, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, feem ntau cov lens ntau dua yuav ua rau lub cev ntim thiab qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev ntau ntxiv, uas tsis sib haum nrog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom me me hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hauv cov ntawv thov uas muaj qhov chaw txwv xws li smartphones, cov koob yees duab ua haujlwm, thiab cov tshuab thaij duab uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm drone, kev koom ua ke cov optics ua haujlwm siab rau hauv cov qauv me me ua rau muaj kev sib tw tsim qauv loj. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov khoom siv kho tshuab xws li autofocus actuators thiab optical image stabilization (OIS) modules xav tau qhov chaw txaus rau kev txav mus los ntawm pawg lens. Cov khoom sib dhos optical uas nyuaj dhau lossis tsis zoo tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub actuator stroke thiab kev teb, ua rau qhov ceev ntawm kev tsom mus rau thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ruaj khov.
Yog li ntawd, hauv kev tsim kho qhov muag pom kev, kev xaiv tus lej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus lens yuav tsum muaj kev tshuaj xyuas kev lag luam engineering tag nrho. Cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum sib haum xeeb cov kev txwv kev ua tau zoo theoretical nrog cov kev txwv hauv ntiaj teb tiag tiag suav nrog lub hom phiaj daim ntawv thov, cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, tus nqi tsim khoom, thiab kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua lag luam. Piv txwv li, cov iav koob yees duab mobile hauv cov khoom siv loj-kev ua lag luam feem ntau txais yuav 6P lossis 7P kev teeb tsa los sib npaug kev ua tau zoo thiab kev siv nyiaj-ua haujlwm tau zoo, thaum cov iav xinesmas tshaj lij yuav muab qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm daim duab ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov loj me thiab qhov hnyav. Tib lub sijhawm, kev nce qib hauv kev tsim kho software optical - xws li Zemax thiab Code V - ua rau muaj kev ua kom zoo dua ntau yam, tso cai rau cov engineers kom ua tiav cov qib kev ua tau zoo sib xws rau cov kab ke loj dua siv cov ntsiab lus tsawg dua los ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua curvature profiles, kev xaiv refractive index, thiab kev ua kom zoo dua aspheric coefficient.
Xaus lus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv lens tsis yog tsuas yog qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov muag xwb tab sis yog qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb uas txhais tau tias muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev thaij duab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim qauv zoo tshaj plaws tsis yog ua tiav los ntawm kev nce qib lej xwb, tab sis los ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo ntawm cov qauv sib npaug, kev qhia txog lub cev uas sib haum xeeb kev kho qhov tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm kis tau zoo, kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov qauv, thiab kev tsim khoom. Saib rau pem hauv ntej, kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab - xws li cov polymers siab-refractive-index, qis-dispersion thiab metamaterials - cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siab heev - suav nrog wafer-level molding thiab freeform surface processing - thiab computational imaging - los ntawm kev tsim cov optics thiab algorithms - xav tias yuav txhais dua qhov paradigm ntawm "qhov zoo tshaj plaws" lens suav, ua rau cov kab ke duab tiam tom ntej uas muaj kev ua tau zoo dua, kev txawj ntse ntau dua, thiab kev nthuav dav zoo dua.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-16-2025